What Are Dual-Class Shares? Imagine a company issuing two types of shares. The majority of the shares available to the public (Class A) might offer a standard one vote per share. However, a smaller group, often the company founders, executives, or early investors, hold Class B shares. These Class B
Every thriving organization relies on a critical pillar of leadership: the Board of Directors. Often shrouded in corporate jargon, the board plays a pivotal role in shaping strategy, ensuring accountability, and safeguarding the future of a company. But what exactly does a board do? Who sits on it, and how
One of the key summary documents produced as an output of the crucial planning phase is the Audit Strategy Memorandum (ASM). Often referred to as the 'roadmap' for the audit, the ASM is an internal document that lays the foundation for how the audit will be conducted. It&
When a company decides to undergo an audit of its financial statements, the relationship between the auditor and the client is formalized through a crucial document: the engagement letter. More than just a formality, this letter acts as a contract, laying the groundwork for a smooth and effective audit process.
Effective corporate governance is the bedrock of a successful and sustainable company. It's not just about rules and regulations; it's about the people and their respective roles in ensuring the company operates ethically, transparently, and in the best interests of its stakeholders. Below I explain the
Companies must continually invest in their assets to thrive and survive. These investments, known as capital expenditures (capex), are the lifeblood of both immediate operations and future success. However, not all capex serves the same purpose. To truly decode a company’s strategy and financial health, it’s critical to
What is Net Working Capital (NWC)? NWC measures a company’s short-term liquidity by comparing its current assets to current liabilities: NWC = Current Assets (Accounts Receivable, Inventory, Prepaid Expenses) – Current Liabilities (Accounts Payable, Accrued Expenses) A positive NWC signals a company can meet near-term obligations, while a negative NWC may
In the quest for higher returns and diversification, investors are increasingly turning to private markets. There are two titans that dominate this landscape: private credit and private equity. While both operate outside public exchanges and target private companies, they cater to different risk appetites, return objectives, and investment philosophies. Let’
The Five Strategic Questions is a framework popularized by strategy experts Roger Martin and A.G. Lafley. These questions cut through the noise, guiding leaders to make intentional choices about their organization’s future. Let’s breakdown how these five questions can transform your strategic planning process and set your
A well-crafted business plan is more than just a document; it's the roadmap to your entrepreneurial journey. Whether you're seeking funding, strategizing for growth, or simply trying to solidify your vision, a robust business plan provides clarity, direction, and a higher chance of success. This comprehensive
Bridge loans act as a financial lifeline, offering temporary funding to "bridge the gap" between urgent cash needs and long-term financing. Whether securing a real estate deal, funding an acquisition, or launching a project, bridge loans provide quick liquidity, at a cost. Let’s explore how they work,
I felt this was an important blog post to make as it is easy to get lost in short-term thinking. However, it is clear by studying the greatest founders and investors that they all think over 10Y+ timeframes. What can I start building today, that will be a massive trend